A paper from the Ph.D. research at Kyushu University maps coffee production systems in Dak Lak, Vietnam, from multi-sensor remote-sensing data with an interpretable Random Forest model. Under spatial block cross-validation with 10–20 km blocks, the macro F1-score for the three coffee classes was 0.141–0.374, compared with 0.909 under stratified cross-validation within the sampled landscapes.
Source: Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment 44, 102264; available online 13 September 2026